Kauchuk mahsulotlari haqidagi bilimlarni bir oz ommalashtirish
Kauchuk mahsulotlarida turli xil xom ashyo turlari mavjud, ammo ularning barchasi ikkita keng toifaga bo'linadi:
Tabiiy kauchuk (sabzavotli lateks) va sintetik kauchuk (kimyo fabrikalarida yoki laboratoriyalarda ishlab chiqariladi).
Savdoda eng muhim sintetik kauchuklar stirol butadien (SBR), poliakril va polivinilatsetat (PVA);
Boshqa turlarga polivinilxlorid (PVX), polikloropren (odatda neopren deb ataladi) va har xil turdagi poliuretan kiradi.
Tabiiy kauchuk va sintetik kauchuk ba'zi jihatlari bilan o'xshash bo'lsa-da, ular butunlay boshqa jarayonlar bilan ishlab chiqariladi va kimyoviy jihatdan butunlay boshqacha.
Yuqori haroratli yopishtiruvchi halqa
natural rubber
Tabiiy kauchuk lateks deb ataladigan suyuq, sutli suyuqlikdan tayyorlanadi va siz ularni kesganingizda ba'zi o'simliklardan oqib chiqadi.
Oddiy karahindibalar, masalan, lateks ishlab chiqaradi; Agar siz ularning poyalarini uzib qo'ysangiz, ulardan lateks tomayotganini ko'rishingiz mumkin.
In theory, there is no reason why we can't make rubber by growing dandelions, although there are more than 200 kinds of plants in the world that can be used to produce latex, more than 99 percent of the natural rubber in the world is produced by a tree called Hevea brasiliensis Made of latex made from tree species.
Lateks kolloid suspenziya deb nomlanuvchi shakldagi -uchdan bir qismi suv va uchinchi{1}}kauchuk zarralaridan iborat. Tabiiy kauchuk izoprenning polimeri (2-metil-1,3-butadien sifatida ham tanilgan) va kimyoviy formulasi (C5H8) n.
Oddiyroq qilib aytganda, u uzun, chigal zanjirlarni hosil qilish uchun erkin bog'langan minglab asosiy C5H8 birliklaridan (izopren monomerlari) iborat.
These molecular chains can be pulled apart fairly easily, but if you release them, they just snap back - that's what makes the rubber elastic.
synthetic rubber
Sintetik kauchuk kimyoviy zavodlarda neft-kimyo yordamida tozalanadi.
Birinchisi va eng mashhuri: neopren (polixloroprenning savdo nomi), asetilen va xlorid kislota reaksiyaga kirishishi natijasida hosil bo'ladi.
Another synthetic rubber: Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (E-SBR) is widely used in the manufacture of vehicle tires.
This article focuses on natural rubber.
Kauchuk zarba yostig'i
How is rubber made?
Tabiiy kauchukdan kauchuk mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish bir necha xil bosqichlarni talab qiladi.
1. First, latex must be collected from rubber trees using a traditional process called rubber tapping.
This involves making wide V-shaped cuts in the bark of the tree. As the latex drips out, it is collected in a cup.
2. Keyin ko'plab daraxtlardan olingan lateks filtrlanadi, yuviladi va kislota bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, rezina zarralarini koagulyatsiya qiladi (bir-biriga yopishadi).
Shu tarzda tayyorlangan kauchuk qalin choyshab yoki yupqa qatlamlarga bosiladi va keyin ishlab chiqarishning keyingi bosqichiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun quritiladi.
Plus, when it gets cold, it tends to get cold, smelly, sticky, sticky.
Keyinchalik qayta ishlash uni yanada ko'p qirrali materialga aylantirish uchun amalga oshiriladi.
3. A mechanical process first known as a "chewing machine" that uses mechanical rollers and pressure to "chew" raw rubber to make it softer, easier to handle, and stickier.
Kauchuk mastiklangandan so'ng, uning xususiyatlarini yaxshilash uchun qo'shimcha kimyoviy moddalar aralashtiriladi (masalan, aşınmaya bardoshli bo'lishi uchun-).
4. Keyinchalik, kauchuk rulolar bilan tekislanadi (bu jarayon kalendrlash deb ataladi) yoki ichi bo'sh trubka (ekstruziya deb ataladigan jarayon) qilish uchun maxsus shaklli teshiklar orqali ekstruziya qilinadi.
5. Finally, the rubber is vulcanized (cooked): sulfur is added and the rubber is heated to about 140 degree (280 degree F) in an autoclave (an industrial pressure cooker).
zarbani yutuvchi qopqoq
Kauchuk qayerdan keladi?
Kauchuk daraxti Hevea brasiliensis, uning nomidan ko'rinib turibdiki, dastlab Braziliyadan kelgan, ammo Malayziya, Indoneziya, Myanma, Kambodja, Xitoy va Vetnam kabi Uzoq Sharq mamlakatlarida tanishtirilgan.
During World War II, when the military demand was huge, the supply of natural rubber to these countries was cut off, which accelerated the development of synthetic rubber, especially in Germany and the United States.
Today, most natural rubber still comes from the Far East, while Russia and its former Soviet states, France, Germany and the United States are the world's leading producers of synthetic rubber.
The world's largest single source of latex rubber is the Harbel Rubber Plantation near Monrovia, Liberia, established by the Firestone Tire Company in the 1920s and 1930s.
dvigatelni qabul qilish trubkasi
Kauchuk nima qila oladi?
The physical and chemical properties of a material determine its use. Even if you don't know anything about the real purpose of rubber, you can make some good guesses.
Misol uchun, har bir kishi kauchukning mustahkam, cho'ziluvchan, bardoshli va suv o'tkazmaydigan ekanligini biladi, shuning uchun uni suv o'tkazmaydigan kiyimda ishlatish mumkinligini tasavvur qilish mumkin.
There are many products made of rubber, but the most important use of rubber is in car tires; about half of the world's rubber ends up wound up on the wheels of cars, bicycles, and trucks!
U gazlarni yuqori darajada o'tkazmasligi sababli, shinalar uzoq vaqt davomida shishirilishi mumkin.
Kauchuk nafaqat yumshoq, balki qattiq ham bo'lishi mumkin va aynan shu fazilatlar uni ishlatish doirasini sezilarli darajada oshiradi.
Yumshoq va elastik lateks o'chirgichlar, sharlar, himoya qo'lqoplari, yopishtiruvchi moddalardan tortib bo'yoqlarga qadar hamma narsada qo'llaniladi.
Qattiq kauchukdan zarbani yutuvchi{0}}yostiqlar va puflanadigan qayiqlar uchun foydalanish mumkin.
Kauchuk kuchli, egiluvchan va issiqlik va elektr o'tkazuvchanligi past bo'lganligi sababli, u odatda kabel sifatida ishlatiladi.
Bundan tashqari, u juda keng ko'lamli ilovalarga ega: sun'iy yurakdan kir yuvish mashinasi eshiklari uchun suv o'tkazmaydigan qistirmalarigacha, uni har bir ilovada topasiz!
Neopren kauchukning barcha turlaridan-yaxshiroq ma'lum, lekin u ko'pchilik biladiganidan ancha yuqori qo'llanilishiga ega, nafaqat tibbiyotda, balki moslashuvchanligi tufayli kauchuk sifatida ham keng qo'llaniladi. va suvga chidamlilik. Uyingizda va zaminning mastiklari kabi qurilish materiallari.
Kauchuk diafragma
Dunyoda yangi kauchukga bo'lgan talab katta bo'lsa-da, biz ko'plab rezina chiqindilarni, ayniqsa tashlab yuborilgan avtomobil shinalarini ham ishlab chiqaramiz.
Kauchuk ishlab chiqaruvchilar assotsiatsiyasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2011 yilning o'zida Qo'shma Shtatlarda deyarli 270 million rezina rezina shinalari ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, bu global shinalardan foydalanishning qariyb -bir qismini tashkil qiladi.
While some of it is used to make floors like children's playgrounds, more than half of it is wasted (whether burned as fuel or buried in landfills).
Bu erda muharrir hammaga kauchuk yaxshi bo'lsa-da, atrof-muhit muhofazasiga e'tibor berishini eslatadi
Tana kauchuk qistirmalari
Kauchukning qisqacha tarixi
1492: Long before Columbus discovered the Americas, Indians living in Central and South America had learned how to make waterproof clothing and shoes from the latex of the rubber tree. They called the rubber tree "cahuchu" (crying wood), which is why French rubber is still called natural rubber today (pronounced "cow-chew").
1731 yil: Janubiy Amerikaga ekspeditsiya paytida frantsuz tadqiqotchisi Charlz Mari de La Kondamin kauchuk namunalarini Yevropaga yuborib, kuchli ilmiy qiziqish uyg'otdi.
1770: The discoverer of oxygen, British scientist Joseph Priestley, discovers that he can use a rubber sheet to erase pencil marks on paper. In England, erasers are still widely known today as "rubber".
1791 yil: ingliz Samuel Peal rezina eritmasidan suv o'tkazmaydigan mato yasash usulini ishlab chiqdi.
1818 yil: Shotlandiya tibbiyot fakulteti talabasi Jeyms Saym yomg'ir paltolarini yasash uchun rezina{1}}qoplangan matodan foydalanadi.
1839 yil: Amerikalik ixtirochi Charlz Gudyer materialning bir qismini (oltingugurt bilan ishlangan) issiq o'choqqa tashlagandan so'ng, tasodifan kauchukni qanday vulkanizatsiya qilishni topdi.
1876: British explorer Sir Henry Wickham smuggled thousands of seeds from Brazil's rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, and returned to England.
The British planted the seeds at Kew Gardens outside London and exported them to various countries in Asia, establishing the giant plantations that now supply most of the world's rubber.
1877 yil: Amerika kauchuk ishlab chiqaruvchisi Chapman Mitchell kauchukni qayta ishlashning birinchi jarayonini ishlab chiqdi.
1882 yil: Jon Boyd Dunlop pnevmatik (pnevmatik) rezina shinani ixtiro qildi, shundan so'ng kauchukga bo'lgan talab portlashni boshladi.
1930 yil: Uolles Karoters boshchiligidagi DuPont amerikalik kimyogarlar jamoasi polikloropren deb nomlangan inqilobiy sintetik kauchukni ishlab chiqdi va uni neopren sifatida sotdi. (Ko'p o'tmay, xuddi shu guruh yanada inqilobiy materialni ishlab chiqdi: neylon)
Avtomobil kondensatorining muhri